Biology Notes for NEET Preparation

Biology Notes for NEET Preparation

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Class 12 Biology Notes are made to help students learn the subject easily and effectively. They cover all the important topics, concepts, and formulas simply. Class 12 Biology Revision Notes break down difficult ideas into clear and easy-to-understand points, making it easier for students to learn and remember the topics.

For students wanting to become doctors, clearing the NEET allows them admission to AIIMS, JIPMER and many other state-level medical colleges. Biology is the most important subject in the NEET exam. As there are three subjects included in the exam, physics, chemistry and biology, biology carries the most weightage. This paper contributes 50 per cent of the total score; therefore, all candidates need to thoroughly understand the biology subject.

Overview of NEET Biology Syllabus

The NEET Biology syllabus can be broadly classified into two sections: Botany and Zoology, which can further be classified into separate chapters. The syllabus is based on NCERT for classes 11 and 12. The National Testing Agency (NTA) organises the NEET exam.

The syllabus includes subjects like botany, which is the study of plants, and zoology, which is the study of animals, that are essential for learning different biological processes and systems. In the Biology section of the NEET exam, there are a total of 50 questions, out of which 25 are of Botany and the remaining 25 are related to Zoology.

Important Topics for NEET Biology

Listed below are important topics for classes 11 and 12 Biology.

Class 11 Syllabus (Botany and Zoology)

The NEET syllabus 2025 for biology for Class 11 plays a crucial role in the preparation for the NEET exam. Here’s an outline of the NEET syllabus 2025 for biology for Class 11:

Unit 1 – Diversity of Living Organisms

• Classification and identification of organisms.


• Five Kingdom Classification: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.


• Structural and functional characteristics of each kingdom.


• Concept of species and biodiversity.

Unit 2 – Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants

• Study of tissues, organs, and systems in plants and animals.


• Plant anatomy: roots, stems, leaves, flowers.


• Animal tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues.

Unit 3 – Cell Structure and Function

• Structure of plant and animal cells.


• Organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.


• Cell division: Mitosis and meiosis.

Unit 4 – Plant Physiology

• Photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, and plant growth.


• Transport in plants: xylem and phloem.


• Mineral nutrition, absorption, and transpiration pull.

Unit 5 – Human Physiology

• Digestion, respiration, circulation, excretion, and reproduction in humans.


• Nervous and endocrine systems.


• Locomotion and movement.

Class 12 Syllabus (Botany and Zoology)

The updated NEET 2025 biology syllabus outlines the important topics and subtopics that students should concentrate on as they prepare for the exam. Here’s an outline of the NEET Biology Syllabus 2025 for Class 12:

Unit 1 – Reproduction

• Reproductive organs, gametogenesis, fertilisation.


• Asexual and sexual reproduction in plants and animals.


• Human reproduction: male and female reproductive systems, menstrual cycle.

Unit 2 – Genetics and Evolution

• Principles of inheritance and variation.


• Mendelian genetics, laws of inheritance.


• DNA replication, transcription, translation.


• Evolution theories: Darwin’s theory, Hardy-Weinberg principle.

Unit 3 – Biology and Human Welfare

• Human health and diseases: Immunity, AIDS, cancer, and microbial diseases.


• Agriculture: Crop production and management, animal husbandry.


• Biotechnological applications in medicine and agriculture.

Unit 4 – Ecology and Environment

• Ecosystem, energy flow, food chains, and webs.


• Biogeochemical cycles: carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles.


• Environmental pollution and conservation of biodiversity.

Class 12 Biology Chapter-wise Notes for NEET Preparation 

Preparing for NEET demands a deep understanding of these concepts, so here's a detailed guide for Class 12 Biology notes to help you in your NEET preparation.

Unit 1 – Reproduction

Chapter 1: Reproduction in Organisms

This chapter focuses on the processes of reproduction in different organisms, including sexual and asexual reproduction. The important concepts include:

• Asexual Reproduction: This process involves a single organism producing offspring genetically identical to itself. Types include binary fission, budding, and spore formation.


• Sexual Reproduction: Here, offspring are produced by the fusion of male and female gametes. Important concepts include gametogenesis (spermatogenesis and oogenesis) and fertilisation.


• Reproductive Systems: The chapter discusses male and female reproductive systems in humans and other organisms.


• Life Cycle: The various stages of development from fertilisation to the formation of new individuals.

Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

This chapter focuses on the reproductive mechanisms in plants. Important topics include:

• Flower Structure: The anatomy of a typical flower, including male and female reproductive organs (stamen and pistil).


• Pollination: The process of transferring pollen grains from the anther to the stigma. This can be self-pollination or cross-pollination.


• Fertilisation: The union of male and female gametes resulting in the formation of a zygote.


• Seed Formation and Development: How seeds are formed, the role of the ovule, and seed dispersal mechanisms.

Chapter 3: Human Reproduction

In this chapter, the focus shifts to the human reproductive system. Some of the important areas to study include:

• Male Reproductive System: The structure and function of male reproductive organs such as testes, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and penis.


• Female Reproductive System: The anatomy and function of ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.


• Menstrual Cycle: The hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle, the phases of menstruation (follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase), and its significance.


• Pregnancy and Embryonic Development: The stages of pregnancy, implantation, and the development of the embryo.


• Birth: The process of parturition and the stages of labour.

Unit 2 – Genetics and Evolution

Chapter 4: Genetics and Evolution

This chapter is crucial for NEET preparation, as genetics forms a significant portion of the exam. The important topics to focus on include:

• Mendelian Inheritance: Gregor Mendel’s laws of inheritance, including the law of dominance, law of segregation, and law of independent assortment.


• Genetic Disorders: Inherited diseases such as Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and sickle cell anaemia.


• Sex-Linked Inheritance: Inheritance of traits linked to sex chromosomes, like colour blindness and haemophilia.


• Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance: Understanding the link between chromosomes and inheritance.


• Evolution: Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection, the concept of survival of the fittest, and speciation.

Chapter 5: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

This is one of the most important chapters in NEET biology, focusing on the molecular mechanisms of inheritance. Important concepts include:

• DNA and RNA: the structure and function of DNA and RNA, differences between DNA and RNA, and the central dogma of molecular biology.


• Replication of DNA: The semi-conservative replication mechanism, enzymes involved, and the significance of DNA replication.


• Transcription and Translation: The processes of synthesising RNA from DNA and the formation of proteins from RNA.


• Genetic Code: The rules governing the translation of mRNA codons into amino acids.


• Mutations: Types of mutations (point mutations, frameshift mutations) and their effects.

Chapter 6: Biotechnology and Its Applications

Biotechnology has gained prominence in recent years, and it is an important topic for NEET. Important points to study include:

• Recombinant DNA Technology: Understanding the processes involved in gene cloning, the role of vectors, restriction enzymes, and ligases.


• Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): The use of genetically modified plants and animals for agricultural purposes.


• Biotechnology in Medicine: The role of biotechnology in producing insulin, vaccines, and gene therapy.


• Applications in Agriculture: The use of biotechnology to enhance crop production, pest resistance, and nutritional quality.

Chapter 7: Evolution

The theory of evolution is fundamental for understanding the diversity of life. Focus on:

• Origin of Life: Theories about the origin of life on Earth, including the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis and the Miller-Urey experiment.


• Mechanisms of Evolution: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow.


• Speciation: The formation of new species through reproductive isolation and genetic changes.


• Evidence of Evolution: Fossil records, homologous and analogous organs, and molecular evidence.

Unit 3 – Biology and Human Welfare

Chapter 8: Human Health and Disease

This chapter is vital for NEET, as it covers human diseases and their prevention. Topics include:

• Pathogens and Diseases: Types of pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa) and the diseases they cause.


• Immunity: The immune response, vaccines, and the role of antibodies.


• Prevention and Control of Diseases: The importance of hygiene, vaccination, and public health measures.


• Non-communicable diseases: diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.

Chapter 9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

Agriculture is an important area in the NEET syllabus. Focus on:

• Plant Breeding: Methods of improving crop varieties, hybridisation, and genetic modification.


• Animal Husbandry: The breeding of animals for milk, meat, and other products.


• Aquaculture and Fisheries: Techniques for the enhancement of aquatic food production.


• Microbes in Agriculture: The use of microbes for composting, nitrogen fixation, and disease control.

Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare

This chapter discusses the beneficial role of microbes in human life. Important topics include:

• Microorganisms and Health: The use of microorganisms in the production of antibiotics, vaccines, and other medical products.


• Microbes in Agriculture: The role of microbes in nitrogen fixation, organic farming, and biodegradation.


• Industrial Applications: The role of microbes in the food industry (fermentation, yeast in baking, etc.) and biotechnology.

Chapter 11: Biotechnology and Its Applications

Biotechnology remains a major topic, so focus on the techniques, tools, and applications of biotechnology in various industries.

Unit 4 – Ecology and Environment

Chapter 12: Ecology and Environment

This chapter covers ecological concepts and environmental issues:

• Ecological Concepts: habitat, niche, population, community, and ecosystem.


• Energy Flow and Ecosystems: Food chains, food webs, and energy pyramids.


• Environmental Issues: Pollution, global warming, and conservation strategies.

Important Points to Remember for NEET Biology

There are certain important points that you should remember when preparing for NEET Biology.

Focus on NCERT Textbooks

For aspirants taking the NEET exam, the NCERT textbooks of class 11 and 12 biology form the core syllabus for the examination. Students must ensure that they cover them because a majority of the questions in the NEET exam are direct. This enables students to grasp the important ideas rather than having to rely on learning alone.

Important Topics to Prioritise

In the NEET exam, some topics will carry more marks than others. These are some of the topics that students should focus on:

1. Human Physiology: This topic is wide in scope and requires a lot of attention when preparing for the NEET exam. A sound knowledge of the human body structure and operation is a prerequisite for gearing up for the NEET exam, as a significant segment of the NEET Biology paper topic deals with these concepts.

1. Genetics and Evolution: The questions here focus more on concepts and can be a bit challenging; therefore, students should focus a lot on practising concepts along with numericals.

1. Reproduction: This chapter has a theoretical aspect to it as well as a practical aspect; hence, it is vital for obtaining good marks.

1. Ecology: This chapter is more on the abstract side but is still of significance and a topic that frequently comes up in the NEET exam. Questions here frequently focus on environmental science and population studies, so a good knowledge of concepts is necessary.

1. Plant Physiology: Topics such as photosynthesis and respiration are the focus of this chapter, and they are frequently asked about in different ways.

Know Concepts Rather Than Memorising

In NEET, students have to treat advanced biology as a combination of about 60% memory and 40% understanding of the concepts. In comparison to the physics and chemistry portions, biology for NEET is less formula-based and more application-based. It is more important to know how things work, such as the process of photosynthesis or even the process of blood circulation by the heart, than to learn it.

Practice and Revise with Consistency

For a student to fully understand biology, it requires constant practice. Solve past years’ question papers, take mock tests and even practice questions from several NEET guidebooks. Revision of subjects should also be done every few days; for example, physiology is a topic that would require extensive recall of information, so revision is necessary.

Use Diagrams and Flowcharts

Most of the biology learning can be done visually as well. Such concepts can include human organ structure diagrams, plant tissue diagrams or even photosynthesis and human digestion. Even the processes which seem complicated, such as the Calvin Cycle and the various phases of reproduction, can also be explained better with flowcharts.

Time Management and Consistency

Time management is essential for covering all the topics required in the syllabus. Make sure to have a balanced timetable and give enough time to every chapter in biology. Developing a practical plan is not enough; you will have to stick to it, as consistency is important in covering the whole biology syllabus for NEET.

In conclusion, the NEET Biology syllabus can seem vast and difficult to approach, but once time is taken in understanding and planning the timetable, it can be made easy. Given that biology makes up half of the NEET exam, a good understanding is required for a good rank. There is no shortage of material to study for NEET Biology, whether through NCERT textbooks, core practice, or consistently working on it. Just focus, and you will be able to make your way in mastering the NEET Biology. Make sure to read the NEET Biology Class 12 notes properly and consistently to remember the concepts thoroughly.

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